Posted: February 27th, 2023

Family values assignment

The textbook notes the following: 

“Families pass learned behaviors and experiences, or cultural heritage, from generation to generation (Johnson, 1998). Drawing from the worldview framework introduced in Chapter One, the values held by cultural groups are expressed in unique patterns through the formation and perpetuation of family units. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961) propose that the three primary cultural expressions of group membership are lineal, collaborative, and individualistic. Family units within these cultural groups reflect the orientation of the larger social group. For instance, Native American families reflect stronger linear relationships, often defining family membership based on a clan or group of related families (Johnson, 1998). However, few cultural groups will fit neatly into any one of the three orientations. Although many Native Americans may have a more developed awareness of their tribal membership (lineal), the basic functions of these tribes have historically been collaborative in nature.“

Questions: 

1. In some cultures, ancestry is very important, and multiple generations of a family may live in the same dwelling. How much do you know about your own family’s cultural heritage? What are some of your family’s values? [Reference: Core Values Sheet] – 10 points 
2. What are some of the values and beliefs that were passed down to you that you subscribe to? What values do you disagree with if any?  -10 points 
3. What lessons have you learned about managing resources based on the material for this module? Including PP (video)? -10 points

Family Resource Management,
Fourth Edition
Chapter 3: Studying Family Resource Management

The Scientific Process
Observations on families.
Course of scientific process or method.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
2

Satisfies Learning Objective 3.1: Explain how the scientific process relates to family resource management.

Observations on families: Collected, analyzed, and explored in structured format to understand and predict future behavior.

Course of scientific process or method:
Begins with a need to understand behavior and proceeds with a formal research question.
Gathering and analyzing data in a systematic and rigorous way gives results that support or contradict existing theories.
2

Theories (1 of 13)
Functions of theories:
Describe,
Sensitize, integrate,
Explain, value.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
3

Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.

Functions of theories:
Descriptive: Name, classify, and organize phenomena for understanding.
Sensitize: Recognize phenomena that is outside of our own experience, yet relevant to understanding.
Integrate: Make connections between concepts to facilitate understanding.
Explain: How and why things happened and what might happen in the future.
Value: Express values of those using and building theory.
3

Theories (2 of 13)
Social Exchange Theory
Utilitarian thinking.
Personal resources for family maintenance.
Exchange framework.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
4

Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.

Utilitarian thinking:
Humans are motivated to act and behave based on what they value the most.
Part of microeconomics of a family.
Difference in family members’ motivation create situations where resources can be bartered and exchanged to further one’s self-interests.

Personal resources for family maintenance:
Infants and children are expected to contribute to the family’s functioning in the future.
Adolescent and adult family members participate in cost-benefit analysis.

Exchange framework:
Used to study the power bases within the family.
Individual’s value and power is directly proportional to his ability to provide resources.
Power base impacts individual’s decision-making process.
4

Theories (3 of 13)
Social Exchange Theory
Other fields using exchange theory.
Inheritance: succession.
Legal wills: common action.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
5

Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.

Other fields using exchange theory:
Study of courtship,
Mate selection, and
Implementation of decision-making process across family life situations.

Inheritance: The succession of money, property, or a title that has been passed on from generation to generation.

Legal wills: The increasingly complex legal ramifications regarding inheritance has made the creation of legal wills and trusts a common action.
5

Theories (4 of 13)
Symbolic Interactionism Theory
The conceptual framework.
Symbols: representing a thing.
Family define situations.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
6

Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.

The conceptual framework:
Weaves into social and psychological concepts.
Looks within families at the process that creates a family unit in the minds of those family members.

Symbol:
Something that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention.
Family identities emerge over time as the family creates rituals and shared meanings or symbols.

Family define situations:
Shared meanings emerging through interactions and defining of member roles help family define situations in unique ways.
Meanings of the situation and possible actions available for group members to handle particular situation determines behaviors and resource identification.
6

Theories (5 of 13)
Symbolic Interactionism Theory
Impression management.
Research: products making a person.
Conspicuous consumption.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
7

Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.

Impression management:
The process by which people try to control the impressions that other people form of them.
Individuals are aware that the choices they make will be interpreted by social groups outside the family.

Research: Laverie, Kleine, and Schultz’s study:
Research question: How products make the person?
Results:
Actual possessions lead to more positive self-evaluations.
Social ties and media promotion of products also enhance the owner’s feeling of self-definition.

Conspicuous consumption:
Spending large quantities of money, often extravagantly, to impress others.
For example, designer labels, specially bred pets, and expensive automobiles with identifying symbols.
7

Theories (6 of 13)
Human Ecological Theory
Haeckel’s ideas: biology and environment.
Richards: use of scientific principles.
Hawley: ecosystem influence.
Bronfenbrenner: environmental influence.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
8

Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.

Haeckel’s ideas: There is a link between science or biology and the environment.

Ellen Swallow Richards: Searched for a way of using scientific principles to improve the lives of families.

Hawley’s prepositions:
Described the family within the surrounding ecosystem.
Prepositions are:
Change and growth occur through experiences with outside systems,
New information from the outside causes change to the relationships within the family, and
The family is closed to the ecosystem around it to ensure stability.

Bronfenbrenner’s study: Explained how the external environment influences how the child will grow and develop.
8

Theories (7 of 13)
Family Development Theory
Two major components: time and history.
Descriptive phase of the theory.
Research on family stress.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
9

Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.

Two major components:
Time and history.
Focuses on the changing social expectations unique to each stage of a family’s existence.

Descriptive phase of the theory: Phase of recording and reflecting on definition of a family and its life course during the American Revolution.

Research on family stress: The family unit possesses social roles and relationships that change as the family moves through stages over time.

9

Theories (8 of 13)
Family Development Theory
Family stage and its criticism.
Renegotiation of roles in marriage.
Age- and stage-graded roles.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
10

Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.

Family stage:
An interval of time in which the roles and relationships within the family change in observable ways.
Works easily with traditional families of wife, husband, and two children.
Criticism:
With the changing diverse family structures, this theory becomes problematic.
Traditional family structures with several children become confusing as the number of stages and overlapping of stages increase.

Renegotiation of roles in marriage:
Gupta studied effects of transitions in marital status on men’s performance of housework.
Conclusion: With respect to housework, the formation of households with adult partners of the opposite gender remains more to men’s than to women’s advantage.

Age- and stage-graded roles:
Family member roles may be age- and stage-graded.
For example, cleaning is more acceptable expectation for a retired male than for a working male.
10

Theories (9 of 13)
Family Systems Theory
Origin of the theory.
Postulate of the theory.
Assumption of the theory.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
11

Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.

Origin of the theory:
Popular perspective among professionals who work with families.
Grew out of general systems theory developed by Bertalanffy in the 1960s.

Postulate of the theory:
Accordingly, when a family member is affected, all other members of that family are also affected.
Helpful in working with individual family member.

Assumption of the theory: What families do within their units impacts their communities.
11

Theories (10 of 13)
Conflict Theory and Feminist Perspective
Marx’s views on Industrial Revolution.
Central themes of conflict theory.
Status of individuals in marriage.
Avoidance of conflict theory.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
12

Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.

Marx’s views on Industrial Revolution:
He focused on the negative impact.
Capitalist environment encouraged the exploitation of workers.
When the oppressed challenge their oppressors, conditions can be changed.

Central themes of conflict theory:
Humans are driven to want and to seek certain things.
Power is at the core of all social relationships.
Groups have self-interests that they use to advance their own goals.

Status of individuals in marriage:
The relationship is often characterized with inequality, subordination, and male dominance.
Other family situations studied are:
Domestic violence,
Divorce, and
Single parenting.

Reception of conflict theory:
Researchers avoided using conflict theory because it challenges the presentation of families as stable, harmonious, and peaceful social units.
However, with the society’s experience of stressful periods, it emerged as a majorly used theory in the late 1960s.
Feminist theory is rooted in basic conflict theory.
12

Theories (11 of 13)
Conflict Theory and Feminist Perspective
Lindahl and Malik’s study.
Themes of feminist perspective.
Unequal power bases.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
13

Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.

Lindahl and Malik’s study:
Clashes over power and control in marriage diminished support of the children.
Mental and physical resources are limited as the couple are unavailable for other tasks.

Themes of feminist perspectives:
The emphasis on women and their experiences,
Recognition that under existing social arrangements women are subordinated or oppressed,
Commitment to ending that unjust subordination, and
Attention to gender and gender relations as fundamental to all of social life.

Unequal power bases:
Conflict is natural and expected in human interaction.
Unequal power bases within family results in competition, coercion, and conflict.
13

Theories (12 of 13)
Family Strengths Framework
Focus on what is right rather than wrong.
Advantage: changing focus.
Qualities of a strong and healthy family.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
14

Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.

Focus of the framework: On what is right rather than what is wrong with families.

Advantage: The focus of study is changed from just solving problems to emphasizing what is working well in the family.

Qualities of a strong and healthy family:
Commitment of the family,
Spending enjoyable time together,
Spiritual well-being,
Successful management of stress and crisis,
Positive communication, and
Showing appreciation and affection to each other.
14

Theories (13 of 13)
Family Strengths Framework
Views of researchers:
DeFrain and Stinnett: identified propositions.
Greg and Cindy: focused on positive.
Cultural context plays an important role.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
15

Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.

Views of researchers:
DeFrain and Stinnett: Identified several propositions of the strengths perspective.
Greg and Cindy:
Looked at their own families and identified differences focusing on the issue of money.
They focused on the positive by appreciating the values that the other person brought to the discussion.
They also used positive communication to discuss ways to change and manage positive growth in this area.

Cultural context plays an important role:
Family strengths are influenced by their cultural contexts.
People live under the complex contests of family, extended family, community, and national culture.
15

Family Research Design
Quantitative research: numerical representation.
Qualitative research: on opinions and values.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
16

Satisfies Learning Objective 3.3: Compare quantitative and qualitative research.

Quantitative research:
Research that examines phenomena through the numerical representation of observations and statistical analysis.
Data can be collected through structured interviews, experiments, or surveys and are reported numerically.
For example, a project in which the researcher wants to find out whether an increase in single-parent homes has a possible connection to an increase in juvenile delinquency.

Qualitative research:
A research method that measures information based on opinions and values as opposed to statistical data.
Data can be collected through open-ended interviews, review of documents and artifacts, participant observations, or practice.
For example, a researcher who conducts interviews and observation to understand the families lived experiences.
16

Application of Research to Family Resource Management
Active research of family behaviors difficult.
Bias: an error in sampling.
Research during the 1970s.
Contemporary research on family consumption.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
17

Satisfies Learning Objective 3.4: Explore application of research to contemporary management of resources by family units.

Active research of family behaviors difficult: due to
Privacy rights and legal and ethical protections upon participating in research.
Legal protection regulated by medical field and government agencies.

Bias: A systematic error [is] introduced into sampling or testing by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others.

Research during the 1970s: Addressed: Energy efficiency of automobiles, appliances, and added cost of goods and services due to transportation expenses in the supply chain.

Contemporary research on family consumption: Focuses on:
Sex equality of household duties and employment earnings.
Impact of online purchasing.
Electronic payment and banking practices.
Waste and inefficiency of resource use with an emphasis on recycling, reusing, and reducing waste.
Impact of global climate change.
Racial and socio-economic inequality.
Problems and challenges for families.
17

Top ten values:

– Accountability

– Spirituality

– Peace

– Well-being

– Self control

– Attractiveness

– Balance

– Loyalty

– Love

– Open-mindedness

Top 5 values:

– Spiritualty

– Well being

– Balance
– Accountability
– Love

My top five values that resonate the most with me is spirituality, well-being, balance, accountability, and love. Spirituality is important to me because it is what keeps my faith and beliefs strong when guiding myself throughout my life. Well-being is another important value because it is necessary to feel good, think positive, and overall take care of myself and my mental health. Balance is important because it helps me to not have too much or too little of everything in my life. Whether it is alone time, quality time with family or friends, spending money, shopping, and eating habits. Having balance helps me to have a bit of everything I need and want. Accountability is an important value because it helps me grow as a person to take responsibility for my own actions and being able to admit things whether if it is right or wrong. Lastly love is an important value to me because I like to express my love to those that I care for but to also feel loved by the people I care about the most.

image3

image4

image5

image6

image7

image8

image9

image10

image11

image12

image13

image14

image15

image16

image17

image18

image19

image20

image21

image1

image22

image23

image24

image25

image26

image27

image28

image29

image30

image31

image32

image33

image34

image35

image36

image2

image37

image38

image39

Family Resource Management,
Fourth Edition
Chapter 2: Understanding Families and How Resources are Managed

History of the Family (1 of 3)
Organization of a clan around a patriarch.
Family in medieval Europe.
Inclusion of members in a family.
Westermarck’s views on origin of marriage.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
2

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.1: Summarize the history and origins of the family.

Organization of a clan around a patriarch:
Prehistoric clans were organized around a patriarch.
With the development of agriculture, clans got organized around geographic areas ruled by political figures.

Family in medieval Europe: Was influenced by church and feudalism and generally extended in form.

Inclusion of members in a family:
From the 18th-century English writings, the term included both the blood relatives in the household and servants and other relatives in residence.
Criterion for inclusion: Individual’s dependence on the head of household for basic needs.

Westermarck’s views on origin of marriage:
It was a habit from primitive times for a man and woman to live together, have offspring and rear them together.
This habit was sanctioned by custom, and afterwards by law and was thus transformed into a social institution.
2

History of the Family (2 of 3)
Gibbs and Campbell’s views on family.
Polygyny: man having more than one wife.
Preindustrial family: an economic unit.
Family during the Industrial Revolution.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
3

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.1: Summarize the history and origins of the family.

Gibbs and Campbell’s views on family: Religious and social groups experimented with different forms of familial social bonds in the Americas during the 19th century.

Polygyny:
The practice of a man having more than one wife at the same time.
Multiple adult members provided the resources necessary to fulfill the many daily needs of large family units.

Preindustrial family:
Largely an economic unit.
Those who lived together were needed to help provide for existence.
Children, once old enough, were often sent to help other families if they were not needed at home.

Family during the Industrial Revolution:
Men went away from the home to work, and family roles were more defined.
As the middle class emerged, the family became a symbol of stability and the domestic ideal.
3

History of the Family (3 of 3)
Modern family:
Democratic family: private societal group.
Companionate family: the presence of love.
Postmodern family: the contemporary family.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
4

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.1: Summarize the history and origins of the family.

Modern family:
A family that consists of a breadwinning husband, a housewife, and their children.
Democratic family: A family that emerged at the end of the 18th century as a separate and private group in society where mates were selected through preferences and children were nurtured.
Companionate family: A family where husbands and wives were partners who married because they loved each other, rather than out of a sense of moral duty.

Postmodern family:
The contemporary family that is more diverse than in the past in terms of family structure and relationships.
Implied concept: In trying to rely on past research and theory, one would be unable to study current family structures and relationships.
4

The Family Today
Questioning aspects of family structure.
Traditional family: married couple with children.
Nuclear family: family group.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
5

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.2: Describe how the family today is in transition.

Questioning aspects of family structure: The focus on family structure as a defining concept, and that the structure of family is ambiguous and confusing.

Traditional family: A married couple and their biological child or children in one household.

Nuclear family: The family group consisting of parents (usually a father and mother) and their children in one household.
5

Defining the Family (1 of 15)
Theoretical Definitions
Addressing the study of family.
Family: a basic unit in society.
Family: three core concepts.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
6

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Definitions addressing the study of family:
Burgess and Locke: A group of persons united by the ties of marriage, blood, or adoption; constituting a single household; interacting and communicating with each other in their respective social roles; and creating and maintaining a common culture.
Hess:
A range of household structures that meet people’s needs at various points in their lives or that are forced on them by circumstances.
A consuming unit that is highly dependent on the economic system beyond the home, over which the family members have little control.
American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences: Two or more persons who share resources, share responsibility for decisions, share values and goals, and have a commitment to one another over time.

Family: The basic unit in society, traditionally consisting of two parents rearing their children.

Three core concepts: drawn from Lamanna, Riedmann, and Stewart:
Any sexually expressive or parent-child or other kin relationship in which people, usually related by ancestry, marriage, or adoption, form an economic unit or otherwise practical unit and care for any young,
Consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group, and
Commit to maintaining that group over time.
6

Defining the Family (2 of 15)
Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: U.S. Census Bureau
Family households: related people in the same household.
Spouse: married to householder.
Child: biological or adopted.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
7

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Family households:
A family consists of a householder and one or more other people living in the same household who are related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption.
A family household may contain people not related to the householder, but those people are not included as part of the householder’s family in tabulations.
The number of family households is equal to the number of families, but family households may include more members than do families.
A household can contain only one family for purposes of tabulations.  

Spouse:
Includes a person married to and living with the householder.
In tabulations, beginning in 2013, “Spouse” and “married couple” includes same-sex married couples.  

Child: Includes the following regardless of the child’s age or marital status.
Biological son or daughter – The son or daughter of the householder by birth.
Adopted child – The son or daughter of the householder by legal adoption.
Stepson or stepdaughter – The son or daughter of the householder through marriage but not by birth.

7

Defining the Family (3 of 15)
Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: U.S. Census Bureau
Grandchild: grandson or granddaughter.
Brother/Sister: biological or adopted.
Parent: father and mother.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
8

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Grandchild: The grandson or granddaughter of the householder.

Brother/Sister: The brother or sister of the householder, including stepbrothers, stepsisters, and brothers and sisters by adoption.

Parent: The father or mother of the householder, including a stepparent or adoptive parent.
8

Defining the Family (4 of 15)
Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: U.S. Census Bureau
Parent-in-law: spouse’s father and mother.
Son-in-law or daughter-in-law.
Other relatives: by birth, marriage, or adoption.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
9

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Parent-in-law: The mother-in-law or father-in-law of the householder.

Son-in-law or daughter-in-law: The spouse of the child of the householder.

Other Relatives: Related by birth, marriage, or adoption.
9

Defining the Family (5 of 15)
Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: U.S. Census Bureau
Application of the data:
Business institutions.
Financial analysts.
Social scientists.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
10

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Application of the data:
Business institutions focus on these households as consuming units, categorizing them into socioeconomic, cultural, age-specific, and other target market groups.
Financial analysts use these data to forecast the economic health of the country.
Social scientists apply these data to the analysis of behavioral shifts and actual or possible impacts of such changes.
10

Defining the Family (6 of 15)
Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: Public Opinion
Surveys administered to general public.
Scientific rigor: determines generalization.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
11

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Surveys administered to general public: The information about behaviors and configurations of family units collected and presented is deemed to be normal in that particular society.

Scientific rigor: Will determine the reliability and generalization of the results to the larger population.
11

Defining the Family (7 of 15)
Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: The Legal System
Flexible definition of family.
Criteria used by the judges.
Functional and psychological qualities of relationships.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
12

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Flexible definition of family: No more limited to people linked by legal marriage, blood, or adoption.

Criteria used by the judges:
Common residence,
Economic interdependency,
Stability, and
Commitment.

Functional and psychological qualities relationships:
The exclusivity and longevity of relationship;
The level of emotional and financial commitment;
The reliance placed upon one another for daily family services; and
The conduct of the members to their everyday lives in the society
12

Defining the Family (8 of 15)
Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: Life Insurance
Members covered.
University of Nebraska.
Spouse: husband or wife.
Child: natural-born, legally adopted, stepchild.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
13

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Members covered: Benefits package will usually limit coverage of an employee’s family members by defining such terms as spouse, child, and plus-one.

University of Nebraska:
Spouse:
Husband or wife, as recognized under the laws of the state of Nebraska.
Common-law spouse if the common-law marriage was contracted in a jurisdiction recognizing a common-law marriage.
Child: Those eligible for coverage:
Natural-born or legally adopted child who has not reached the limiting age of 26.
Stepchild who has not reached the limiting age of 26.
Child for whom the employee has legal guardianship and who has not reached the limiting age of 26.
Child with a mental or physical disability who has attained the limiting age of 26 may continue coverage beyond age 26 if proof of disability is provided within 31 days of attaining age 26.
13

Defining the Family (9 of 15)
Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
Legal rights of employees.
Employees eligible for leave.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
14

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Legal rights of employees: Unpaid leave to care for infants, ill children, spouses, or parents, new parental bonding time with adopted or foster children.

Employees eligible for leave: Under the following situations:
Birth and care of a newborn child.
Placement with the employee of a child for adoption or foster care and to care for the newly placed child.
Care for an immediate family member with a serious health condition.
Any “qualifying exigency” arising from the fact that the employee’s spouse, son, daughter, or parent is a covered military member on or called to active duty.
14

Defining the Family (10 of 15)
Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: U.S. Income Tax/Internal Revenue Service
Annual tax returns: tax liability.
Head of household: first in family census.
Dependent: is supported by others.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
15

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Annual tax returns: To determine tax liability, a U.S. citizens file annual tax returns.

Head of household: The person whose name appears first in the census enumeration of a family or group of people living together.

Dependent: A person who relies on another for support.
15

Defining the Family (11 of 15)
Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: U.S. Income Tax/Internal Revenue Service
Five tests for qualification:
Relationship test: must be a family member.
Age test: must be younger than householder.
Residency test: more than six months.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
16

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Five tests for qualification:
Relationship test: The person must either be a relative or have lived in your home as a family member all year.
Age test: The person must be under age 19 or a student under age 24 at the end of the year and younger than you or permanently and totally disabled at any time during the year, regardless of age.
Residency test:
Your child must have lived with you for more than half the year.
There are exceptions for temporary absences, children who were born or died during the year, kidnapped children, and children of divorced or separated parents.
16

Defining the Family (12 of 15)
Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: U.S. Income Tax/Internal Revenue Service
Five tests for qualification:
Support test: less than half of support.
Joint return test: cannot have filed returns.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
17

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Five tests for qualification:
Support test: The child cannot have provided more than half of his or her own support for the year, and you generally must provide more than half of a person’s total support during the calendar year.
Joint return test:
The child cannot file a joint return for the year.
An exception to the joint return test applies if your child and his or her spouse file a joint return only to claim a refund of income tax withheld or estimated tax paid.
17

Defining the Family (13 of 15)
Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
Federal governmental program.
SNAP household.
Qualifying for SNAP.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
18

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Federal governmental program: Provides nutrition benefits to supplement the food budget of needy families and move towards self-sufficiency.

SNAP household: Everyone who lives together, purchases and prepares meals together is grouped together as one SNAP household.

Qualifying for SNAP: 60 years of age or older, unable to purchase and prepare meals separately because of a permanent disability or a challenging situation.

18

Defining the Family (14 of 15)
Gray Areas
Family: influenced by social factors.
Cohabitation or unmarried couple.
Domestic partners.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
19

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Family:
Influenced by social factors.
Include arrangements that may be seen as gray areas, and often granted “family” legal rights.

Cohabitation or unmarried couple:
To live together as or as if a married couple.
Unmarried couple households contain only two adults.
This form of family has now gained widespread social acceptance.

Domestic partners: The personal relationship between individuals who are living together and sharing a common domestic life together, but are not joined in any type of legal partnership, marriage, or civil union.
19

Defining the Family (15 of 15)
Gray Areas
Legal status of married same-sex couples.
Mutual definition: shared by groups.
Yorburg’s definition of families.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
20

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Legal status of married same-sex couples: Since July 9, 2015, married same-sex couples throughout the United States have had equal access to all the federal benefits given to married opposite-sex couples.

Mutual definition: A definition shared by or common to two or more people or groups.

Yorburg’s definition of families: Groups related by marriage, birth, adoption, or mutual definition, having elements of emotional involvement and identity attachment that connect individuals and create a maintenance need of that family unit, requiring acquisition and utilization of resources.

20

Changes in the Family (1 of 2)
Reports from Pew Research Center.
Decline of marriage rates.
Cohabitation as a family structure.
Childbearing in cohabiting unions.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
21

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.4: Discuss change to family expectations, family structure, and the institution of marriage.

Reports from Pew Research Center:
Family expectations differ by age.
Older adults believe that society is better off when people value marriage and children.
The American family is becoming increasingly more diverse with less than half of all children living with two married parents.

Decline of marriage rates:
Marriage rates continue to decline.
Reasons:
More people are waiting to marry later in life and a rise in cohabitation.
Previously married adults show less interest in marrying again.

Cohabitation as a family structure:
It is estimated that the majority of couples now live together before getting married.
Economic inequality is reported among those who cohabitate.

Childbearing in cohabiting unions:
Higher among high school graduates.
Children of less-educated parents are more likely to grow up in a single-parent household or to experience instability.

21

Changes in the Family (2 of 2)
Sliding versus deciding.
The National Marriage Project.
Benefits of delay in marriage.
Americans divided upon familial changes.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
22

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.4: Discuss change to family expectations, family structure, and the institution of marriage.

Sliding versus deciding:
Those couples who slide into cohabitation may also remain in a relationship or move toward marriage regardless of the quality of or commitment to the relationship.
Those couples who have discussed their future intentions and what cohabitation means to their relationship are more successful as they move into marriage.

The National Marriage Project:
The institution of marriage has changed, yet a large majority of young adults say they hope to marry in the future.
More young women are now becoming mothers before getting married.

Benefits of delay in marriage:
Better economic opportunities and
Lower divorce rate.

Americans divided upon familial changes:
Such as cohabitation, single parenting, mothers working outside the home, and intercultural marriage.
One third of people accept these changes;
One third reject or believe these changes are harmful for families;
One third are tolerant of the changes but believe they may not be good for the family.
22

Families Within Cultural Contexts (1 of 2)
Frameworks impact definitions.
Transmission through families.
Primary cultural expressions.
Interracial marriages.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
23

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.5: Explain how families exist in cultural contexts.

Frameworks impact definitions: Frameworks of cultural contexts of race, ethnicity, religion, politics, and economics impact how individuals and families are evaluated.

Transmission through families: Families pass learned behaviors and experiences, or a cultural heritage, from generation to generation.

Primary cultural expressions:
Lineal,
Collaborative, and
Individualistic.
Family units within these cultural groups reflect the orientation of the larger social group.

Interracial marriages: The joining together of individuals from the White, African American, Asian, and Native American races with people from outside their race.
23

Families Within Cultural Contexts (2 of 2)
Interethnic marriages: diverse cultural backgrounds.
Interfaith marriages: between different religious faiths.
The U.S. Religious Landscape Survey.

Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
24

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.5: Explain how families exist in cultural contexts.

Interethnic marriages:
Consists of partners who marry within their ethnic groups.
Today, 15.5% of new marriages represent two people from diverse cultural backgrounds.

Interfaith marriages:
Involving or occurring between people of different religious faiths.
Increasing in the United States.

The U.S. Religious Landscape Survey:
39% of Americans are married to a spouse with a different religious affiliation.
49% of people who are cohabitating are in an interfaith relationship.
Religion is much more fluid.
Certain religious groups are more likely to marry within their faith.

24

Family Functions (1 of 2)
Family provides emotional security.
Structural-functional theory.
Talcott Parson’s theory and criticism.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
25

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.6: List basic functions of the family.

Family provides emotional security:
A sense of belonging and provides for physical needs.
The family is the most basic economic unit in society; responsible for reproduction.
The family is the principal component in the socialization process.

Structural-functional theory: Views individuals as members of many interrelated systems.

Talcott Parsons:
Believed that four basic functions were necessary for any system to survive.
Latent pattern maintenance or loyalty,
Adaptation, or ability to adjust to change,
Integration of members, and
Goal attainment, or the ability to mobilize resources.
Criticism: patriarchal views and inability to explain the differences between culture and ethnicity.

25

Family Functions (2 of 2)
Four functions: Juliet Mitchell’ s theory.
Three basic functions of a family.
Responsibilities of the family.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
26

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.6: List basic functions of the family.

Four functions of family: Juliet Mitchell’ s theory:
Production: Producing or purchasing food and shelter, preparing workers to earn wages, and consumption of goods and services.
Reproduction: Bearing and raising children.
Socialization: Teaching the rules of society.
Sexuality: “Legitimate” sexual activity.

Three basic functions of a family:
To raise children responsibly,
To provide economic support, and
To give family members emotional security.

Responsibilities of the family:
Reproduction: bearing and raising children.
Meeting the basic economic needs (food, clothing, and shelter) of its members.
Provide individuals with an important source of emotional support, which includes affection and companionship.
26

Resources Available to Families
Resources: income, inheritance, social resources.
Assets: accumulation of resources.
Credit: obligation and expense.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
27

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.7: identify resources that are available to families.

Resources: Adults bring resources into the family as:
Income: Provides the ability to exchange money for goods and services.
Inheritance: Money or anything of value that is passed from someone who dies to designated survivors.
Social resources: Include social programs that provide resource to qualifying citizens, like disability payments, food subsidies, and rent assistance.

Assets:
Over time, families may accumulate resources that they can hold over time, such as homes, automobiles, savings, and personal property.
These resources are referred to as assets which also require management and maintenance.
Retaining, or holding, their value presents on-going demands on family members in terms of time, repair, and storage.

Credit:
Another resource for families to utilize to meet expenses.
Use of credit creates obligation; so, it also becomes an expense.
Borrowing money through credit cards or loans requires pledging future income for an immediate want or need.
Managing credit requires planning and monitoring of that payback process.
27

Managing Family Resources
(1 of 2)
Home economics: metamorphosis to social change.
Broadening worldviews.
Five interrelated areas.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
28

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.8: Discuss how family resource management and home economics are related.

Home economics:
A field of study that purposefully began the metamorphosis to:
Better serve the changing needs of its mostly female constituency and
The changing social scripts of both men and women during the 1950s and 1960s.

Broadening worldviews:
Traditional female roles were being questioned.
Definition of family was being modified to align with emerging social programs and practices.

Five interrelated areas: in human economics:
Human development and family,
Home management and family economics, and
Food and nutrition,
Textiles and clothing, and
Housing.
28

Managing Family Resources
(2 of 2)
Optimization: finding fit solution.
Abraham Maslow’s motivation theory.
Transformation of home economics.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
29

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.8: Discuss how family resource management and home economics are related.

Optimization:
The discipline focus shifted to family resource management which includes:
Family values,
Goals,
Standards,
Resources,
Decision making,
Organization and process, and
Optimization of families.
Optimization is the process of finding the solution that is the best fit to the available resources.

Abraham Maslow’s motivation theory: His famous pyramid of needs is applied to the study of psychology, sociology, economics, families, and business.

Transformation of home economics:
The name change from home economics to family and consumer sciences, as the old title too restrictive and laden with incorrect assumptions.
Issue: a lack of consistency in program names, thus confusing students, professionals, and the general public.
29

Key Family Management Challenges
Time management: time is a commodity.
Career management: future of school children.
Family planning: trends of childbearing.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
30

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.9: Review key family management challenges.

Time management:
Commodity: an economic good:
A general belief in American culture is that time is a commodity.
One can measure time, keep time, save time, and waste time.

Career management:
School children think of future careers:
Time spent training for those careers is considered a current sacrifice for future gain.
Knowledge resources must be balanced against the prospects.
There is an expectation of continual education, training, and improvement to reach career goals across the life course.

Family planning:
Women’s control over childbearing has increased.
Many assume that having one child or multiple children can be managed or planned.
The average age of women giving birth in U.S. has increased.
Emerging trends of childbearing:
Remaining child-free,
Postponing parenthood,
Having only one child, and
Nonmarital births.
The roles and expectations of children have changed.
30

Name: ____________________________________________________

Chapter 2: Assignment Family

Points: 30

The textbook notes the following:

“Families pass learned behaviors and experiences, or cultural heritage, from generation to generation (Johnson, 1998). Drawing from the worldview framework introduced in Chapter One, the values held by cultural groups are expressed in unique patterns through the formation and perpetuation of family units. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961) propose that the three primary cultural expressions of group membership are lineal, collaborative, and individualistic. Family units within these cultural groups reflect the orientation of the larger social group. For instance, Native American families reflect stronger linear relationships, often defining family membership based on a clan or group of related families (Johnson, 1998). However, few cultural groups will fit neatly into any one of the three orientations. Although many Native Americans may have a more developed awareness of their tribal membership (lineal), the basic functions of these tribes have historically been collaborative in nature.”

Questions:

1. In some cultures, ancestry is very important, and multiple generations of a family may live in the same dwelling. How much do you know about your own family’s cultural heritage? What are some of your family’s values? [Reference: Core Values Sheet] –
10 points

2. What are some of the values and beliefs that were passed down to you that you subscribe to? What values do you disagree with if any? –
10 points

3. What lessons have you learned about managing resources based on the material in Chapter 2 and Chapter 1- reading and PowerPoint Lecture (video)? –
10 points

Please respond below to the questions above: