Posted: March 11th, 2023
Please see the attached documents and let me know if any questions arise. All the questions MUST be answered in the memo.
1.5 pages
Introduction to Organization
During this course, you will be analyzing case studies for a fictional organization, ParlaTech. As we move through the course, you will learn more about the organization, its employees, and the issues that arise related to HR.
ParlaTech
is a technology company that specializes in machine to machine (M2M) communication. They offer solutions that allow a remote set of machines to send data back to a central hub, where the data can be measured and analyzed. ParlaTech’s headquarters are in Maryland, but they have clients all over the world. Most of their engineers and R&D employees work in the US, but they also have a call center in Bangalore, India.
Mini Case Study 1 Instructions
You are the HR director at ParlaTech. The CEO, Jacob Zielinski, has asked you to meet with him to discuss some of the ideas he has around tracking candidates for the new job openings in IT and in the call center.
Transcript from the Memo Instruction-video:
Thanks for coming to this meeting. I need a few minutes with you to talk over some ideas I have about improving our candidate application process for new jobs.
As you know, we have some openings stateside in our IT department. We also have some openings at the call center in Bangalore. I expect that eventually there will be more and more communication between these two departments and some of our employees here in IT may need to travel to Bangalore to train some of the call center employees. Right now, we are outsourcing these employees, but I think if we had a good applicant tracking system, we could do the hiring and training ourselves.
The first thing I wanted to talk with you about is the selection of an applicant tracking system. I would like you to do some research and write a memo with your suggestion on the best system we can use. I want it to be user friendly so that the applicants can load their résumés and other documents into it.
Secondly, I want to talk about the sort of information we can request from the applicants. Obviously, I would like to select candidates that have some familiarity with our technology and can troubleshoot for our customers. But I am also interested in information about their availability, since our call center functions 24/7—I’d like to ask if they can work on weekends, holidays, and during night shifts.
Please add some suggestions to your memo for how we can obtain this information.
All right, that’s it for now! Thanks for your time. I’ll catch up with you later, but I have to run to another meeting now.
In your memo, include the following:
· your evaluation and recommendation of a real applicant tracking system,
· your interpretation of rules and policies regarding employee data collection, and
· suggestions about what information Parlatech can and should request from candidates for this position.
·
What is a Human Resources Information System (HRIS)? An HR Practitioner’s Guide
https://www.aihr.com/blog/human-resources-information-system-hris/#:~:text=HRIS%20stands%20for%20Human%20Resources,Human%20Resources%20Management%20(HRM
·
What is an HRIS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y72bRzL-bHU
Welcome to Parlatech
Mission
To provide customers with high-quality communication technology that contributes to the
achievement of customers’ goals and objectives
Vision
To become the company of choice for global M2M communication needs
Our Values
We are committed to
• our employees and their continuous growth and development;
• open and clear communication with our stakeholders;
• building relationships with accountability, honesty, and integrity; and
• innovation and responsiveness to customer needs.
Organizational Structure
The organizational structure is very streamlined. The CEO is hands-on and communicates
directly with all departments.
Retrieved from https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/dam/course-content/tus/hrmn/hrmn-495/document/Parlatech%20Company%20Profile_Legal
Learning Topic
Employment Laws and
Regulations
Tanasin Srijaroensirikul / EyeEm / Getty Images
Employment Legislation
What happens when businesses make decisions that violate laws and
regulations designed to protect workers? It can cost companies a great deal,
including money. Consider the following awards and settlements:
• $180,000 to settle a discrimination lawsuit against Walgreens
(“America’s Largest Drug Store,” 2014)
• $850,000 to current and former United Airlines workers with
disabilities who were denied employment opportunities at San
Francisco International Airport (“The US EEOC,” 2010)
• $1.28 million to settle a wage‐and‐hour lawsuit by 61 employees of a
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Domino’s franchise (Greenhouse, 2014)
In other cases, the monetary damage may be minimal, but the reputation of
the business becomes tarnished, and HR has difficulty recruiting and
retaining quality employees. Businesses that disregard worker protections
may find themselves on a list of “worst places to work.” Such was the case
with the retail clothing store Forever 21.
The financial news service 24/7 WALL ST, based on its analysis of
thousands of employee reviews of more than 540,000 companies posted on
the career website Glassdoor, listed the worst US companies to work for as
Family Dollar Stores, Express Scripts, and Forever 21 (2016). As a business
owner, you wouldn’t want to join them on that list.
Anti‐Discrimination Legislation
Protecting workers from unfair treatment is at the heart of US
antidiscrimination legislation. In 1963, the proposed legislation prohibited
discrimination on the basis of sex and race in hiring, promotion, and firing
only. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, passed on July 2, made it unlawful for an
employer “to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or
otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his
compensation, terms, conditions or privileges of employment, because of
such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.”
Over the years, amendments have expanded the scope of the law. Today,
the EEOC enforces laws that prohibit discrimination based on an expanded
list of protected classes that includes disability, veteran status, citizenship,
familial status, and age. Antidiscrimination law today applies not only to
hiring, promoting, and firing, but also wage setting, testing, training,
apprenticeships, and other terms or conditions of employment.
While the Civil Rights Act of 1964 did not mention affirmative action
—redressing the disadvantages associated with past and present
discrimination—it did authorize federal rules to help end discrimination.
Affirmative action “refers to both mandatory and voluntary programs
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intended to affirm the civil rights of designated classes of individuals by
taking positive action to protect them” from discrimination (VCU Libraries,
2015).
The first federal policy of race‐conscious affirmative action emerged in
1967. It required government contractors to set “goals and timetables” for
integrating and diversifying their workforce (Kansas Department of
Administration, n.d.). Similar policies began to emerge through a mix of
voluntary practices and federal and state policies on employment and
education. These include government‐mandated, government‐sanctioned,
and voluntary private programs that focus on access to education and
employment, granting special consideration to historically excluded groups
such as racial minorities and women. One impetus is the desire to ensure
that public institutions including universities, hospitals, and police forces are
representative of the populations they serve.
In the United States, affirmative action tends to emphasize not specific
quotas but rather “targeted goals” to address past discrimination in a
particular institution or in society through “good‐faith efforts … to identify,
select, and train potentially qualified minorities and women” (LaFollette,
2005, p. 274). For example, many higher education institutions have
voluntarily adopted policies that seek to increase recruitment of racial
minorities. Another example is executive orders requiring some government
contractors and subcontractors to adopt equal employment opportunity
measures like outreach campaigns, targeted recruitment, employee and
management development, and employee support programs.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act created the EEOC to implement the law, and
subsequent legislation has expanded its role. As an independent regulatory
body, the EEOC plays a major role in dealing with the problem of
employment discrimination. Since the EEOC’s creation in 1964, its powers
have been greatly expanded by Congress to include investigations,
conciliation programs, lawsuits, and voluntary assistance programs.
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The regulatory authority of the EEOC includes enforcing a range of federal
statutes prohibiting employment discrimination. The titles and descriptions
of these laws
are as follows:
• The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination on
the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The prohibition
against sexual harassment falls under Title VII of this act, which
prohibits harassment of an applicant or employee on the basis of sex.
Harassment can include sexual harassment, including unwelcome
sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or
physical harassment of a sexual nature.
• The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 and its
amendments prohibit employment discrimination against individuals
age 40 or older. ADEA’s protections apply to both employees and job
applicants. Under the ADEA, it is unlawful to discriminate against a
person because of age with respect to any term, condition, or privilege
of employment, including hiring, firing, promotion, layoff,
compensation, benefits, job assignments, and training. The ADEA
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permits employers to favor older workers based on age, even when
doing so adversely affects a younger worker who is 40 or older.
• The Equal Pay Act of 1963 prohibits discrimination based on gender in
compensation for substantially similar work under similar conditions. In
essence, people doing equal jobs must receive the same pay, regardless
of gender. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, women’s salaries
compared with men’s have risen dramatically since the law’s passage,
from 62 percent of men’s earnings in 1970 to 83 percent in 2017 (Graf
et al., 2018). Nonetheless, the act’s equal pay for equal work goals have
not been achieved.
• The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 prohibits private
employers, state and local governments, employment agencies, and
labor unions from discriminating against qualified individuals with
disabilities in job application procedures; hiring; firing; advancement;
compensation; job training; and other terms, conditions, and privileges
of employment. The ADA covers employers with 15 or more
employees, including state and local governments. It also applies to
employment agencies and to labor organizations. The ADA’s
nondiscrimination standards also apply to federal sector employees
under section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act (US EEOC, n.d.).
• The Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of
1994 (USERRA) protects the civilian employment of active and reserve
military personnel in the United States called to active duty. The law
applies to all US uniformed services and their respective reserve
components.
These laws were enacted to protect workers, but the existence of laws
doesn’t guarantee that employers will follow them. EEOC acts as a
watchdog and steps in to assist employees who believe they have suffered
workplace discrimination. Just how often do employees turn to the EEOC?
In fiscal year 2017, the EEOC received 84,254 charges of workplace
discrimination (US EEOC, 2018). During that time, the percentage of
charges alleging retaliation for asserting rights to work free from
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discrimination and harassment reached 48.8 percent of all charges filed. The
percentage of charges alleging race discrimination was 33.9 percent. In
fiscal year 2017, the EEOC collected $398 million through voluntary
resolutions and litigation, and it filed 184 lawsuits alleging discrimination.
Labor and Safety Legislation
There are many other laws designed to regulate the employer‐employee
relationship. Summaries of these laws are as follows:
• The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 created collective bargaining
in labor‐management relations and limited management’s right to
interfere with the right of employees to have a collective bargaining
agent. In essence, this act both legitimated and helped regulate labor
union activities.
• The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 established a national minimum
wage, forbade oppressive child labor, and provided for overtime pay in
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designated occupations. It declared the goal of assuring “a minimum
standard of living necessary for the health, efficiency, and general well‐
being of workers” (US Department of Labor, 2011). These standards
affect more than 130 million full‐time and part‐time workers in the
private and public sectors.
• The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) requires
employers to maintain workplace conditions or adopt practices
reasonably necessary to protect workers on the job, be familiar with
and comply with standards applicable to their establishments, and
ensure that employees have and use personal protective equipment for
safety and health. The major areas covered by OSHA standards are
toxic substances; harmful physical agents; electrical, fall, trenching, and
digging hazards; hazardous waste; infectious disease; fire and explosion
dangers; dangerous atmospheres; machine hazards; and confined
spaces.
• The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 requires employers
to verify the identity and employment authorization of all new hires,
including whether they are citizens or noncitizens. Employers must
ensure proper completion of Form I‐9 for each person hired for
employment in the United States.
• The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 requires businesses with 50
or more employees to provide up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave per year
for an employee when they become a parent through birth or adoption,
or in the event of serious illness of a parent, spouse, or child.
There has been an explosion in the number of employee lawsuits in the
United States in the past few decades, and the trend does not appear to be
diminishing. Many of these lawsuits could have been avoided. That’s why
it’s important to know at least the basics of employment law.
The main areas of US laws and regulations that you should be familiar with
are as follows:
Compensation
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• Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA)
(https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/retirement/erisa)
• Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov
/files/WHD/legacy/files/FairLaborStandAct )
• Equal Pay Act of 1963 (amending FLSA (https://www.eeoc.gov
/statutes/equal‐pay‐act‐1963) )
Equal Employment Opportunity
• Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA)
(https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/age‐discrimination‐employment‐
act‐1967)
• Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (https://www.ada.gov
/ada_intro.htm)
• Civil Rights Acts (https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/title‐vii‐civil‐rights‐
act‐1964)
• Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 (https://www.dol.gov
/sites/dolgov/files/ofccp/regs/compliance/posters/pdf/eeopost )
• Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures (1978)
(https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR‐2017‐title29‐vol4/xml
/CFR‐2017‐title29‐vol4‐part1607.xml)
• Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA)
(https://www.eeoc.gov/genetic‐information‐discrimination)
• Multiculturalism and the Law (https://open.lib.umn.edu
/humanresourcemanagement/chapter/3‐3‐multiculturalism‐and‐the‐
law/))
• Human Resources Management and Compliance
(https://openstax.org/books/principles‐management/pages/11‐2‐
human‐resource‐management‐and‐compliance)
Employee Relations
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https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/retirement/erisa
https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/retirement/erisa
https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/retirement/erisa
https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/retirement/erisa
https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/retirement/erisa
https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/retirement/erisa
https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/retirement/erisa
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files
/WHD/legacy/files/FairLaborStandAct
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/FairLaborStandAct
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/FairLaborStandAct
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/FairLaborStandAct
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/FairLaborStandAct
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/FairLaborStandAct
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/FairLaborStandAct
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/FairLaborStandAct
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/FairLaborStandAct
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/equal-pay-act-1963
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/equal-pay-act-1963
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/equal-pay-act-1963
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/equal-pay-act-1963
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/equal-pay-act-1963
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/equal-pay-act-1963
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/equal-pay-act-1963
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/equal-pay-act-1963
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/equal-pay-act-1963
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/age-discrimination-employment-act-1967
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/age-discrimination-employment-act-1967
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/age-discrimination-employment-act-1967
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/age-discrimination-employment-act-1967
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/age-discrimination-employment-act-1967
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/age-discrimination-employment-act-1967
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/age-discrimination-employment-act-1967
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/age-discrimination-employment-act-1967
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/age-discrimination-employment-act-1967
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/age-discrimination-employment-act-1967
https://www.ada.gov/ada_intro.htm
https://www.ada.gov/ada_intro.htm
https://www.ada.gov/ada_intro.htm
https://www.ada.gov/ada_intro.htm
https://www.ada.gov/ada_intro.htm
https://www.ada.gov/ada_intro.htm
https://www.ada.gov/ada_intro.htm
https://www.ada.gov/ada_intro.htm
https://www.ada.gov/ada_intro.htm
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/title-vii-civil-rights-act-1964
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/title-vii-civil-rights-act-1964
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/title-vii-civil-rights-act-1964
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/title-vii-civil-rights-act-1964
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/title-vii-civil-rights-act-1964
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/title-vii-civil-rights-act-1964
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/title-vii-civil-rights-act-1964
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/title-vii-civil-rights-act-1964
https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/title-vii-civil-rights-act-1964
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ofccp/regs/compliance/posters/pdf/eeopost
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ofccp/regs/compliance/posters/pdf/eeopost
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ofccp/regs/compliance/posters/pdf/eeopost
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ofccp/regs/compliance/posters/pdf/eeopost
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ofccp/regs/compliance/posters/pdf/eeopost
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ofccp/regs/compliance/posters/pdf/eeopost
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ofccp/regs/compliance/posters/pdf/eeopost
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ofccp/regs/compliance/posters/pdf/eeopost
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ofccp/regs/compliance/posters/pdf/eeopost
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2017-title29-vol4/xml/CFR-2017-title29-vol4-part1607.xml
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2017-title29-vol4/xml/CFR-2017-title29-vol4-part1607.xml
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2017-title29-vol4/xml/CFR-2017-title29-vol4-part1607.xml
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2017-title29-vol4/xml/CFR-2017-title29-vol4-part1607.xml
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2017-title29-vol4/xml/CFR-2017-title29-vol4-part1607.xml
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2017-title29-vol4/xml/CFR-2017-title29-vol4-part1607.xml
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2017-title29-vol4/xml/CFR-2017-title29-vol4-part1607.xml
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2017-title29-vol4/xml/CFR-2017-title29-vol4-part1607.xml
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2017-title29-vol4/xml/CFR-2017-title29-vol4-part1607.xml
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2017-title29-vol4/xml/CFR-2017-title29-vol4-part1607.xml
https://www.eeoc.gov/genetic-information-discrimination
https://www.eeoc.gov/genetic-information-discrimination
https://www.eeoc.gov/genetic-information-discrimination
https://www.eeoc.gov/genetic-information-discrimination
https://www.eeoc.gov/genetic-information-discrimination
https://www.eeoc.gov/genetic-information-discrimination
https://www.eeoc.gov/genetic-information-discrimination
https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/11-2-human-resource-management-and-compliance
https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/11-2-human-resource-management-and-compliance
https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/11-2-human-resource-management-and-compliance
https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/11-2-human-resource-management-and-compliance
https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/11-2-human-resource-management-and-compliance
https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/11-2-human-resource-management-and-compliance
https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/11-2-human-resource-management-and-compliance
https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/11-2-human-resource-management-and-compliance
https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/11-2-human-resource-management-and-compliance
https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/11-2-human-resource-management-and-compliance
• Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 (https://www.nlrb.gov
/guidance/key‐reference‐materials/national‐labor‐relations‐act)
• National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (https://www.nlrb.gov/about‐
nlrb/who‐we‐are/our‐history/1935‐passage‐of‐the‐wagner‐act)
Leave and Benefits
• Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) (https://www.dol.gov
/agencies/whd/fmla)
• Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA, also called
Obamacare) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles
/PMC3001814/)
Job Safety and Health
• Drug‐Free Workplace Act of 1988 (https://oui.doleta.gov/dmstree
/tein/tein_pre93/tein_15‐90.htm)
• Guidelines on Sexual Harassment (https://www.eeoc.gov/policy‐
guidance‐documents‐related‐sexual‐harassment)
• Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (https://www.osha.gov
/laws‐regs/oshact/completeoshact)
References
America’s largest drug store chain to pay $180,000 to settle EEOC disability
discrimination suit. (2014, July 2). Retrieved from
https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/7‐2‐14b.cfm
Comen, E., Stebbins, S, & Frohlick, T.C. (2016, June 10). The worst
companies to work for. 24/7 WALL ST. Retrieved from
https://247wallst.com/special‐report/2016/06/10/the‐worst‐
companies‐to‐work‐for‐2/
Employment Laws and Regulations https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/umuc/tus/hrmn/hrmn495/2225/lear…
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https://www.nlrb.gov/guidance/key-reference-materials/national-labor-relations-act
https://www.nlrb.gov/guidance/key-reference-materials/national-labor-relations-act
https://www.nlrb.gov/guidance/key-reference-materials/national-labor-relations-act
https://www.nlrb.gov/guidance/key-reference-materials/national-labor-relations-act
https://www.nlrb.gov/guidance/key-reference-materials/national-labor-relations-act
https://www.nlrb.gov/guidance/key-reference-materials/national-labor-relations-act
https://www.nlrb.gov/guidance/key-reference-materials/national-labor-relations-act
https://www.nlrb.gov/guidance/key-reference-materials/national-labor-relations-act
https://www.nlrb.gov/guidance/key-reference-materials/national-labor-relations-act
https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/who-we-are/our-history/1935-passage-of-the-wagner-act
https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/who-we-are/our-history/1935-passage-of-the-wagner-act
https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/who-we-are/our-history/1935-passage-of-the-wagner-act
https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/who-we-are/our-history/1935-passage-of-the-wagner-act
https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/who-we-are/our-history/1935-passage-of-the-wagner-act
https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/who-we-are/our-history/1935-passage-of-the-wagner-act
https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/who-we-are/our-history/1935-passage-of-the-wagner-act
https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/who-we-are/our-history/1935-passage-of-the-wagner-act
https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/who-we-are/our-history/1935-passage-of-the-wagner-act
https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fmla
https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fmla
https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fmla
https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fmla
https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fmla
https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fmla
https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fmla
https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fmla
https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fmla
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001814/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001814/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001814/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001814/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001814/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001814/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001814/
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