Posted: March 12th, 2023

Project

Original workNo plagarism

Management Action Plan (MAP): Part 4

To complete Part 4 of your MAP, analyze and prioritize the key action steps from Part 3. Once you have reviewed your list of possible actions, think about and address the issues below.

· What steps are absolutely necessary and are most likely to be effective in achieving your MAP goal, and why?

· Determine, list, and explain which possible action items can be removed from your list without significant consequences to the outcome.

· Be as specific and accurate as possible in presenting the relationship of your refined list of action items in the context of health policy making.

This part of the course project will be a minimum of three pages in length, not including the title and reference pages or material from previous project submissions. It should be organized well and contain an introduction.

At a minimum, your textbook should be used as reference material for this part of your project. You are also encouraged to use the CSU Online Library and other scholarly or reputable sources. All sources used must be cited and referenced in APA Style.

Resources

2

Management Action Plan (MAP) Part 3

Michell Muldrow

Columbia Southern University

Dr. Alicia Chatman

MHA 5201

February 21,2023

Root Causes of the Opportunity for Improvement (OFI)

The root causes of the opportunity for improvement in public health preparedness are lack of funding, coordination, and collaboration among stakeholders, training and education, and failure to address social determinants of health. The lack of adequate funding is a major challenge to public health preparedness, as it limits the ability to acquire new technologies and interventions and advance surveillance systems and vaccines. Coordination and collaboration among stakeholders have also needed to be improved, leading to confusion and inadequate responses during public health emergencies (Raftery et al., 2022). Adequate training and education for healthcare workers, public health professionals, and the general public have also helped public health preparedness. The current strategies still need to address the social determinants of health, which increase health disparities and vulnerability and threaten public health.

Actions Needed to Achieve the MAP Goal

To achieve the MAP goal of creating a strong public health preparedness framework that will enable society to effectively detect, prevent, and respond to public health threats such as infectious diseases, pandemics, and natural disasters, the following actions are necessary:

Legislative Action

Legislation must be passed from various levels of government (federal, state, and local). This legislation should include policies that provide adequate funding to improve public health preparedness, promote collaboration and coordination among stakeholders, ensure training and education for healthcare workers and the public, and address social determinants of health.

Policy Implementation

Systems and procedures must be created to ensure the necessary resources and strategies are in place to respond to public health emergencies. This includes developing surveillance systems, improving vaccine distribution and access, increasing training and education for healthcare workers and the public, and addressing social determinants of health.

Leadership Governance and Clinical Performance of a Healthcare Administrator

A healthcare administrator should lead the implementation of the MAP. They should ensure that the necessary resources are available and that the implementation of the MAP is in line with the organization’s goals.

Physicians

Physicians should be trained and educated on the latest public health strategies and interventions. This will ensure that physicians can effectively respond to public health emergencies and protect their patients.

Nurses

Nurses should be trained and educated on the latest public health strategies and interventions. This will ensure that nurses can effectively respond to public health emergencies and protect their patients.

Clinical Support Services

Clinical support services are an essential part of providing healthcare services. They provide the necessary resources to ensure healthcare workers and the public access the best possible care. These services include medical coding, billing, scheduling, patient registration, laboratory services, and other administrative support services. Clinical support services can also guide healthcare workers in developing and implementing programs, policies, and procedures.

Knowledge Management

Knowledge management should be implemented to ensure that healthcare workers and the public have access to the latest public health information. It allows for the efficient storage and access of up-to-date, accurate information about public health topics. By providing access to reliable data, knowledge management helps healthcare workers and the public stay informed about public health trends and risks, enabling them to make informed decisions and take appropriate action (Vuong et al., 2022). It also encourages collaboration within the healthcare industry and among the public, allowing all stakeholders to benefit from the collective knowledge and experience of others.

Human Resources

Human resources should be allocated to ensure that healthcare workers and the public have access to the necessary resources to keep them safe, healthy, and informed. This includes providing adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) and other medical supplies, as well as educational materials and resources to aid in preventing and treating COVID-19. Additionally, proper training and support should be provided to healthcare workers to ensure they are equipped to handle the current crisis effectively. Lastly, resources should be allocated to ensure that the public is kept informed and has access to reliable information to help them stay safe.

Financial Management

Financial resources should be allocated responsibly to ensure that public health preparedness is given the necessary funding. This includes investments in research, training, and equipment, as well as in developing long-term strategies for responding to potential threats. Additionally, resources should be allocated towards educating the public on the importance of public health preparedness and providing them with the information and resources they need to engage in activities that support it.

Internal Consulting

Internal consulting can be a valuable tool for ensuring public health preparedness is implemented according to the organization’s goals. It can help identify gaps in current plans and processes and provide recommendations for improvement. Internal consulting can also assist in developing strategies for responding to public health emergencies and evaluating the effectiveness of those strategies. Internal consulting can be critical to an organization’s overall public health preparedness plan.

Marketing

Marketing campaigns should be used to increase public awareness of public health emergencies and the importance of public health preparedness. Digital, print, and radio campaigns should be utilized to educate the public on warning signs and risk factors and highlight the importance of following public health guidelines. Additionally, marketing should be used to provide resources and information on how to protect oneself and others during a public health emergency.

The Need for Political Competence in Relation to the OFI and the Pursuit of Health

Political competence is essential in pursuing health in relation to the OFI. Political competence is the ability to understand, influence, and participate in political processes (Maddox et al., 2021). It is important to promote political competence because it is necessary to understand and influence policies to create a strong public health preparedness framework. Political competence is also necessary to ensure adequate funding for public health preparedness and that the necessary resources are available to respond to public health emergencies. Furthermore, political competence is necessary to ensure that the public health system can respond effectively to public health emergencies and protect communities worldwide.

Therefore, to promote political competence in pursuing health, it is necessary to ensure that healthcare workers, public health professionals, and the general public have the knowledge and skills necessary to understand and participate in the political process. This can include providing resources and training to healthcare workers and the public on the latest public health strategies and interventions and on how to understand and influence policies. Additionally, it is necessary to raise awareness of the importance of political competence in pursuing health and encourage the public to participate in the political process. Finally, it is important to ensure that healthcare workers, public health professionals, and the general public have access to the necessary resources and tools to participate in the political process. This includes providing resources and training on how to participate in the political process, such as contacting elected officials and advocating for public health policies. Promoting political competence in the pursuit of health makes it possible to create a strong public health preparedness framework to protect communities from the impacts of public health emergencies.

References

Maddox, R., Blais, G., Mashford-Pringle, A., Monchalin, R., Firestone, M., Ziegler, C., Ninomiya, M. M., & Smylie, J. (2021). Reviewing Health Service and Program Evaluations in Indigenous Contexts: A Systematic Review.
American Journal of Evaluation,
42(3), 332–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214020940409

Raftery, P., Howard, N., Palmer, J., & Hossain, M. (2022). Gender-based violence (GBV) coordination in humanitarian and public health emergencies: a scoping review.
Conflict and Health,
16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-022-00471-z

Vuong, Q.-H., Le, T.-T., La, V.-P., Nguyen, H. T. T., Ho, M.-T., Van Khuc, Q., & Nguyen, M.-H. (2022). Covid-19 vaccines production and societal immunization under the serendipity-mindsponge-3D knowledge management theory and conceptual framework.
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications,
9(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01034-6

2

Management Action Plan (MAP): Part 2

Michell Muldrow

Columbia Southern University

MHA 52001

February 14, 2023

Management Action Plan (MAP): Part 2

The desired outcome from the implementation of this MAP is to create a strong public health preparedness framework that will enable society to effectively detect, prevent, and respond to public health threats such as infectious diseases, pandemics, and natural disasters. The public health preparedness framework will be developed through legislative action, policy implementation, and adequate funding. This will increase the ability of healthcare facilities, public health agencies, and community-based organizations to collaborate and coordinate strategies to respond to public health threats.

The path from legislation to implementation involves first passing legislation from various levels of government. This includes federal, state, and local levels. The legislation should include policies that provide adequate funding to improve public health preparedness and ensure that the necessary resources are available to respond to public health emergencies (Maani & Galea, 2020). The legislation should also include policies that promote collaboration and coordination among stakeholders and ensure that healthcare workers, public health professionals, and the general public have the knowledge and skills necessary to respond effectively to public health emergencies. In addition, the legislation should address social determinants of health and ensure that vulnerable populations are protected from the impacts of public health emergencies.

Once the legislation is passed, it must be implemented. This involves creating systems and procedures to ensure that the necessary resources and strategies are in place to respond to public health emergencies. This includes developing surveillance systems, improving vaccine distribution and access, increasing training and education for healthcare workers and the public, and addressing social determinants of health (Dada et al., 2022). This process should involve collaboration and coordination among stakeholders and ensure that all necessary resources are available.

Measuring and assessing the success of the MAP implementation will involve evaluating the effectiveness of the public health preparedness framework. This includes assessing the impact of the legislation and policies on the public’s ability to detect, prevent, and respond to public health threats. Additionally, surveys and interviews can be conducted to assess the effectiveness of training and education for healthcare workers and the public (Elhadi et al., 2021). Finally, data can be collected and analyzed to evaluate the impact of public health preparedness strategies on health disparities and vulnerable populations.

Limits on Time, Money, and Resources

The implementation of the MAP is limited by time, money, and resources. Public health preparedness is a complex area that demands a considerable amount of funding and resources in order to be effective. This lack of funding has become a major challenge for public health preparedness and has limited the ability to acquire new technologies and interventions that could be crucial in times of need. The insufficient funding has resulted in limited resources for training, planning, and overall preparedness activities. This has also resulted in limited research and development, which is necessary for advancing the field of public health preparedness. As a result, securing adequate funding will be a critical priority in the implementation of the MAP. This funding will be necessary in order to make the necessary investments in new technologies, research and development, and overall preparedness activities. In addition, this funding will help ensure that public health preparedness is able to respond effectively to future emergencies and public health threats. Ensuring that adequate funding is in place will be essential to the success of the MAP and will help to ensure that the public remains safe and healthy.

In addition to funding, time is an equally important factor in the implementation of the MAP. With the increasing frequency of public health emergencies, it is crucial that the response to these emergencies is both swift and effective. This means that the MAP must be implemented without delay in order to ensure that communities are protected and prepared for future public health emergencies. Any delay in the implementation of the MAP could result in serious consequences, including the spread of disease, loss of life, and economic harm. To ensure that the MAP is implemented in a timely manner, it is necessary to have clear goals, well-defined responsibilities, and a strong commitment from all stakeholders, including government agencies, healthcare organizations, and the public. Furthermore, effective planning and preparation must be in place, along with a well-coordinated response plan that can be activated quickly when needed.

Finally, the availability of resources is a significant challenge that must be addressed in the implementation of the MAP. One of the most pressing issues facing the public health system today is the shortage of healthcare workers, which has a major impact on the ability to respond to public health emergencies. This shortage of healthcare workers is particularly problematic in rural and underserved communities, where access to healthcare is already limited (Wang et al., 2020). The MAP must take this shortage into account and address it through training and education for healthcare workers and other public health professionals. By investing in the training and education of these professionals, the public health system can increase the capacity to respond to public health emergencies and better protect communities from the spread of disease. In addition, by providing healthcare workers with the skills and knowledge they need to respond effectively to public health emergencies, the MAP can help to ensure that communities are well-prepared for future public health threats. This investment in training and education is an important step in ensuring that the public health system has the resources it needs to respond effectively to public health emergencies and protect communities around the world.

In conclusion, this MAP provides a plan for creating a strong public health preparedness framework that will enable society to effectively detect, prevent, and respond to public health threats. This plan involves passing legislation from various levels of government, implementing the policies, and measuring and assessing the success of the implementation. Adequate funding, coordination and collaboration among stakeholders, training and education, and addressing social determinants of health are all necessary to ensure the success of the MAP.

References

Dada, D., Djiometio, J. N., McFadden, S. M., Demeke, J., Vlahov, D., Wilton, L., Wang, M., & Nelson, L. E. (2022). Strategies That Promote Equity in COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake for Black Communities: a Review.
Journal of Urban Health,
99(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-021-00594-3

Elhadi, M., Alsoufi, A., Alhadi, A., Hmeida, A., Alshareea, E., Dokali, M., Abodabos, S., Alsadiq, O., Abdelkabir, M., Ashini, A., Shaban, A., Mohammed, S., Alghudban, N., Bureziza, E., Najah, Q., Abdulrahman, K., Mshareb, N., Derwish, K., Shnfier, N., & Burkan, R. (2021). Knowledge, attitude, and acceptance of healthcare workers and the public regarding the COVID-19 vaccine: a cross-sectional study.
BMC Public Health,
21(1), 955. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10987-3

Maani, N., & Galea, S. (2020). COVID-19 and Underinvestment in the Public Health Infrastructure of the United States.
The Milbank Quarterly,
98(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12463

Wang, X., Zhang, X., & He, J. (2020). Challenges to the system of reserve medical supplies for public health emergencies: reflections on the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic in China.
BioScience Trends. https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01043

6

Management Action Plan (MAP)

Michell Muldrow

Columbia Southern University

Dr. Alicia Chatman

MHA 5201

February 7, 2023

Management Action Plan (MAP)

Public Health Preparedness

I will cover Public Health Preparedness (PHP) to create a managed action plan for this project. PHP is the ability of a society to detect, prevent, and respond to issues that threaten the health of the public (Aarestrup et al., 2021). Public health threats are issues like infectious diseases and natural disasters. Public health preparedness is a multifaceted area that requires different stakeholders to collaborate and coordinate strategies. These stakeholders include healthcare facilities, public health agencies, and community-based organizations. Many changes have been made in the United States to improve PHP over the years. However, it remains an opportunity for improvement because many challenges continue to hinder its effectiveness.

These challenges are lack of funding, coordination, and collaboration among stakeholders, training and education, and failure to address social determinants of health. PHP lacks adequate funding, which has hindered it from acquiring new technologies and interventions and advancing surveillance systems and vaccines that promote public health (Yeager et al., 2020). Lack of coordination and collaboration among stakeholders is a great challenge to PHP and has led to confusion and inadequate responses during public health emergencies. Also, there is inadequate training and education for healthcare workers, public health professionals, and the general public with the knowledge and skills necessary to respond effectively to public health emergencies. In addition, current strategies have failed to address the social determinants of health. These factors increase health disparities and vulnerability, which threatens public health.

The challenges I have mentioned show an opportunity for improvement (OFI) in public health preparedness. An example of a recent event showing a need to improve public health preparedness is the Covid-19 pandemic (Aarestrup et al., 2021). The virus’s global spread has demonstrated the importance of a strong and coordinated response to public health emergencies. Despite significant advances in public health, the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed many areas where public health preparedness remains an opportunity for improvements like training and education for healthcare workers and the public, increasing collaboration and coordination in healthcare, funding and providing resources for public health preparedness, and addressing the social determinants of health that increases vulnerability and health disparities.

The Importance of Setting an Agenda to Resolve This Problem Right Now

Public health preparedness is a critical aspect and a matter of urgency because it promotes a safe and healthy society. Public health threats like diseases, pandemics, and natural disasters require public health preparedness, which calls for setting the agenda and resolving this problem (Kost et al., 2019). The first reason is increased public health threats and a stronger public health preparedness framework. The world has recently seen a rising number of public health emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has had a significant impact on global health and security. Creating a public health preparedness framework will reduce vulnerability to threats and their impacts (Aarestrup et al., 2021). Therefore, setting an agenda to create a strong, effective public health preparedness framework help to mitigate the impact of future public health emergencies and promote the safety of communities.

Also, public health emergencies can have significant social and economic impacts. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the loss of life, increased healthcare costs, and disruption to daily life and the economy. Improving public health preparedness will help mitigate these impacts and ensure society is better prepared to respond to future public health emergencies. This results in a more resilient society with a stable economy.

Moreover, addressing the challenges in public health preparedness will help to reduce health disparities and promote health equity. Public health emergencies disproportionately impact communities of color and low-income communities. This has increased health disparities in the United States. Thus, improving public health preparedness protect minority communities from the impacts of public health emergencies.

The Consequences of Not Resolving This Problem Right Now

Failure to resolve these challenges has significant and long-lasting consequences. It increases mortality rates, economic impact, and health inequality among vulnerable populations (Kost et al., 2019). The lack of a strong public health preparedness framework increases mortality rates in the United States because people cannot be protected and treated in case of emergencies like pandemics. Public health emergencies have a significant impact on the economy. For example, they increase the cost of healthcare and decrease productivity. Lack of effective public health preparedness significantly impacts a vulnerable populations like racial minorities and low-income individuals. These populations are likely to suffer because they cannot be protected and receive care in health emergencies.

Using Evidence-Based Public Health (EBPH) To Resolve This Problem.

Evidence-based public health (EBPH) is an approach that uses the best available scientific evidence to inform public health decision-making and practice. Using EBPH can help to resolve the challenges in public health preparedness by improving the quality and effectiveness of public health interventions (Brownson et al., 2017). For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of EBPH helped to inform the development of effective public health strategies to slow the spread of the virus and protect communities. The scientific evidence on the transmission and spread of the virus was used to inform the development of guidelines for physical distancing, wearing masks, and other preventive measures (Sousa-Uva, 2021). Additionally, scientific evidence on the efficacy of different interventions, such as vaccines, was used to inform the development of vaccination strategies. Therefore, relying on the best available scientific evidence will help public health officials quickly identify and implement the most effective interventions to protect the public from health issues.

References

Aarestrup, F. M., Bonten, M., & Koopmans, M. (2021). Pandemics–One Health Preparedness For The Next. 
The Lancet Regional Health-Europe, 
9, 100210.

Brownson, R. C., Baker, E. A., Deshpande, A. D., & Gillespie, K. N. (2017). 
Evidence-Based Public Health. Oxford University Press.

Kost, G. J., Zadran, A., Zadran, L., & Ventura, I. (2019). Point-Of-Care Testing Curriculum and Accreditation for Public Health—Enabling Preparedness, Response, and Higher Standards of Care at Points of Need. 
Frontiers in Public Health, 
6, 385.

Sousa-Uva, A. (2021). Evidence-Based Public Health and the Novel Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Pandemic. 
Portuguese Journal of Public Health, 
39(1), 1-2.

Yeager, V. A., Balio, C. P., Mccullough, J. M., Leider, J. P., Orr, J., Singh, S. R., … & Resnick, B. (2022). Funding Public Health: Achievements and Challenges in Public Health Financing Since the Institute Of Medicine’s 2012 Report. 
Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 
28(1), E244-E255.

Social Determinants and Health Policy

Michell Muldrow

Columbia Southern University

MHA5201

Dr. Alicia Chatman

Date

Social Determinants and Health Policy

Healthcare access and quality, and neighborhood and built environment are among the five major social determinants of health (SDOH) domains. SDOH involves conditions where individuals live, work, and age that influence their health outcomes. The paper examines legal and ethical foundations linked with the two SDOHs and establishes their impact on healthcare and health policy.

Healthcare Access and Quality

Many Americans do not receive the services of health they require. About 10% of Americans, which translates to more than 33 million people lack health insurance (Singu et al., 2020). This population is less likely to afford care services, primary care providers, or medications they need for better health outcomes. The cost of healthcare is high in the U.S., and with insurance coverage, one may be able to afford quality care. Interventions to improve insurance coverage are critical to ensure every American can acquire the right healthcare services, such as preventive care and chronic illness treatment. Sometimes individuals do not receive the recommended healthcare services, like cancer screenings, due to a lack of a primary care provider. Moreover, the healthcare provider can be far away, making it challenging to access healthcare services. 

The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and WHO recognize the right to health as a fundamental human right. In 1966, ICESCR recognized the right to health, including medical care, and different treaties have demonstrated their support (J.D. & Alan, 2023). The right to health is considered relevant to all countries, as each has at least an international human rights treaty recognizing this right. Every citizen has the right to access quality healthcare services. Nursing ethical standards require caregivers to do good and considering health as a human right is ethical and the right thing to do.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) aims to increase healthcare access through increased healthcare insurance coverage (Baumgartner et al., 2020). This forms a critical legal foundation for health as a priority and basic need for all, and nobody should be denied the right to enjoy the highest achievable health. Additionally, interventions like telehealth are key to increasing healthcare accessibility as it provides care through technology regardless of the distance between caregiver and patient, reducing care costs. Healthcare costs are an important barrier to healthcare access, and any intervention cutting the cost of care boost access. There are three elements that healthcare accessibility intervention should improve, the quality of services, timeliness of receiving the service, and workforce, which include qualified, capable, and culturally competent caregivers.

Limited access to healthcare significantly affects population health outcomes as patients cannot get timely quality healthcare. This determiner leads to poor chronic disease management and increased disease burden because of preventable disability, diseases, and premature deaths. When people cannot receive their required healthcare services due to high costs, their health outcomes may worsen. 

The limited healthcare access created the need for introducing the Affordable Care Act to address healthcare access issues through enhanced insurance coverage. ACA policy has greatly improved care access and the quality of healthcare services. Today, most people enjoy healthcare coverage through the policy and can easily afford quality services for a healthy society.

Neighborhood and Built Environment

The neighborhood communities live in greatly influence their well-being and health. Many Americans stay in areas with an increased level of unsafe water and air. Ethnic/racial minorities and people with low-income backgrounds have higher chances of living in these high-risk neighborhoods. Moreover, some neighborhoods expose people to hazards like loud noises and secondhand smoke.

The United Nations General Assembly declared that every person on earth has a right to a healthy environment. The Clean Air Act (CAA) limits particular air pollutants, including establishing how much contamination can be in the air across the U.S. (Glazener & Khreis, 2019). Policy and intervention change at federal, state, or local levels can decrease safety and health risks and improve health outcomes. Creating sidewalks and bike lanes encourages people to walk and cycle, improving their quality of life.

Environmental conditions form a critical determinant of health. Environmental factors include where we live, availability of quality housing and healthy foods, and physical activity facilities significantly impact health. Environmental contaminants determine the quality of air, drinking water, and chemical exposure from industries. People living near landfills are at risk of breathing in carbon dioxide, which can lead to certain cancers. Moreover, living in houses with poor plumbing, mold, and poor ventilation can result in lead poisoning and carbon monoxide poisoning, all of which are cancer risk factors. Those living in areas with increased crime neighborhoods are unlikely to go out for physical activity due to fear for their safety, leading to poor health outcomes.

           This social determiner of health has contributed to the introduction and implementation of the CAA, which regulates all air emission sources. The 1970 Clean Air Act legislation authorizes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to create National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) on the environment and public health protection (Glazener & Khreis, 2019). The policy helps keep the population safe from risk environmental pollutants.

References

Baumgartner, J., Collins, S., Radley, D., & Hayes, S. (2020). How the Affordable Care Act (ACA) Has Narrowed Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Insurance Coverage and Access to Health Care, 2013‐18. 
Health Services Research, 
55, 56-57.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1475-6773.13406

Glazener, A., & Khreis, H. (2019). Transforming our cities: best practices towards clean air and active transportation. 
Current environmental health reports, 
6, 22-37.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40572-019-0228-1

JD, D., & Alan, S. (2023). Right to Health under International Human Rights Law. 
Available at SSRN 4316428.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4316428

Singu, S., Acharya, A., Challagundla, K., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). Impact of social determinants of health on the emerging COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. 
Frontiers in public health, 
8, 406.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00406/full