Posted: March 28th, 2023
Industry and Energy – Recycling and Changing Industry
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recycling
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the separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of the unwanted material
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4 ways to recycle
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curbside programs, drop-off centers, buy-back centers (commercial operations pay consumers for recycled materials), deposit programs (price of a beverage can include a deposit fee that is returned when the container is returned)
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remanufacturing
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the rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired, and new parts
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4 major manufacturing sectors
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account for more than 1/2 the recycling activity - paper mills, steel mills, plastic converters, and iron and steel foundries
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paper
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most types can be recycled
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plastic
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different types cannot be mixed
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glass
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can be used repeatedly with no loss in quality
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aluminum
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principle source is beverage containers
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new international division of labor
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selective transfer of some jobs to developing countries
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outsourcing
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turning over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers, how transnational corporations allocate production to low-wage countries
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vertical integration
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a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process
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Foxconn
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the world’s largest electronics contractor, employs 1 million in China
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maquiladoras
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plants in Mexico near the US border
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BRICS
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an acronym coined by the investment banking firm Goldman Sachs for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa – much of the world’s manufacturing growth is expected to cluster in these countries
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spinning
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clothing production - principal natural fiber is cotton
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weaving
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clothing production - for mechanized weaving, labor constitutes a high % of the total production cost - China and India are the dominant fabric producers
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Barthelemy Thimonnier
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French tailor, invented the 1st functional sewing machine in 1830
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Isaac Singer
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manufactured the 1st commercially successful sewing machine in the US in the 1850s
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4 main textile products
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garments, carpets, home products like bed linens and curtains, and industrial items like headliners and motor vehicles
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steel
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an alloy of iron that is manufactured by removing impurities in iron and adding desirable elements
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2 changes in situation factors
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relative importance of the main markets and increasing importance of proximity to markets
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2 raw materials to make steel
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iron and steel
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steel mills in the mid-1800s
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concentrated around Pittsburgh because iron and coal mined there
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steel mills in the late-1800s
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mills built around Lake Eerie because discovery of iron in Minnesota
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steel mills in the early-1900s
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South Lake Michigan because needed more iron than coal
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steel mills in the mid-1900s
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East and West coasts because iron started coming from other countries
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steel mills in the late-1900s
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most integrated steel mills closed
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steel minimills
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main input is scrap metal, less expensive, and can locate near markets
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right to work law
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requires a factory to maintain an “open shop” and prohibits a “closed shop”
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closed shop
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a company and a union agree that everyone must join the union to work in the factory
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open shop
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a union and a company may not negotiate a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment
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2 important site and situation factors in Europe
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low wage but relatively skilled labor and proximity to Western Europe markets
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