Posted: March 28th, 2023
Services and Settlements – Consumer and Business Services
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service
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any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it
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consumer services
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provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them
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4 types of consumer services
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retail, education, healthcare, and leisure
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businesses services
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facilitate the activities of other businesses
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4 types of businesses services
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professional, financial, information, and transportation
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public services
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provide security and protection for citizens and businesses
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settlement
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a permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services
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central place theory
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helps to explain how the most profitable location for a new shop can be identified
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Walter Christaller
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German geographer who 1st proposed central place theory in the 1930s based on his studies of southern Germany
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central place
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a market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area
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market area or hinterland
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the area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted
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nodal region
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has a core where the characteristic is most intense - market area is an example of this
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range
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the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service
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threshold
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the minimum number of people needed to support the service
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rank-size rule
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the country’s nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement
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priamte-city rule
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the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
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primate city
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the country's largest city
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4 levels of market area
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hamlet, village, town, and city
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market analysis
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helps with deciding where to open/expand a location and where to close locations in an economic downturn
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steps to market analysis
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define the market area, estimate the range, estimate the threshold, predict the market share
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analog method
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geographer applies market share of comparable stores to the proposed new store
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gravity model
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measures the level of interaction between a person and a service - predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it
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consumer behavior reflects 2 patterns
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greater number of people in a place = greater number of potential customers, the farther away people are from a service = less likely they are to use it
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food desert
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an area that has limited access to affordable and nutritious food
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periodic market
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a collection of individual vendors who come together to offer goods and services in a location on specified days
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farmers market
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a form of periodic market found in many developed countries
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global city
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a major center for the provision of services in the global economy
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business services that concentrate in global cities
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financial institutions; headquarters of large corporations; lawyers, accountants, and other professional services
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New York City
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home to the UN
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Brussels, Belgium
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the most important center for EU activities
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3 levels of global cities
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alpha, beta, and gamma
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factors used to identify global cities
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economic, political, cultural, infrastructure, communications, and transportation
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2 types of business services in developing countries
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offshore financial services and back-office functions
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2 functions of offshore centers
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taxes - tax-free status, privacy - bank secrecy laws help people evade disclosure in their home countries
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offshore centers - dependencies of the UK
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Anguilla, Montserrat (Caribbean); Isle of Man, Jersey (English Channel); Gibraltar (Spain)
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offshore centers - dependencies of other countries
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Cook Island (controlled by New Zealand); Aruba, Curacao (controlled by Netherlands); Hong Kong, Macau (controlled by China)
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offshore centers - independent island countries
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Bahamas, Grenada (Caribbean); Nauru, Vanuatu (Pacific); Seychelles (Indian Ocean)
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offshore centers - independent non-island countries
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Liechtenstein, Switzerland (Europe); Belize, Uruguay (Latin America); Bahrain, Brunei (Asia)
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back-office functions/business-processing outsourcing (BPO)
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type of business service found in peripheral regions; functions include insurance claims processing, payroll management, transcription work, and other routine clerical activities
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why developing countries have back offices
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low wages and ability to speak English
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basic businesses
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export primarily to customers outside the settlement
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nonbasic businesses
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serve primarily customers living in the same settlement
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economic base
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the unique cluster of basic businesses in a settlement
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