Posted: March 28th, 2023
Urban Patterns – Vehicles and Key Concepts Review
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underclass
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a group prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic challenges
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gentrification
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the process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area
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public housing
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government-owned housing rented to low-income people, with rents set at 30% of the tenant's income
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global positioning system (GPS) and electronic mapping
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play a central role in the design of intelligent transportation systems, either through increasing road capacity or through reducing demand
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congestion charges
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a way to reduce congested roads - in London, a fee is charged to drive in the central area
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tolls
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a way to reduce congested roads - in Toronto and California, higher tolls are charged to drive during congested times
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permits
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a way to reduce congested roads - in Singapore, people must have a license to drive during the busiest times of day
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bans
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a way to reduce congested roads - cars are banned from parts of many European cities (Copenhagen, Munich, Vienna, and Zurich)
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Uber
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the leading provider for the form of sharing with others a vehicle that you own
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SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping)
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pinpoints the vehicle's precise location using multiple sensors provided by LIDAR (light detection and ranging) and GPS (global positioning system)
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DATMO
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identifies pedestrians, animals, and other vehicles that are in the route being taken by the vehicle
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autonomous driving level 1
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assisted driving - driver must be ready to take control at any time
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autonomous driving level 2
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partially automated - automatic braking, acceleration, and steering deactivates when the driver takes over
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autonomous driving level 3
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highly automated - fully automated only on high-speed freeways, driver must be ready to take control
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autonomous driving level 4
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fully automated - no driver attention required, does have steering wheel and floor pedals for emergencies
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autonomous driving level 5
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driverless - no human intervention required other than setting the location and starting the car, no steering wheel or pedals
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plug-in hybrid
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battery supplies the power at all speeds, can be recharged by a gas engine or by electricity
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full electric with lithium ion battery
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no gas engine, challenges - not many rural electric charging stations
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hydrogen fuel cell
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hydrogen forced through a PEM - can be combined with oxygen from the air to produce an electric charge - used to power an electric motor - used in E & W Coast cities where there are hydrogen fueling stations
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PEM
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polymer electrolyte membrane or proton exchange membrane, used in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
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3 key elements to reduce pollution
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sharp decrease in the 3 fossil fuels, increase in renewable energy use, use of carbon capture and storage
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carbon capture and storage (CCS)
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a process that involves capturing waste CO2, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally underground
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place
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a specific point on Earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic
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Shanghai's Pudong district
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one of the world's most distinct urban areas
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region
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an area of Earth's surface defined by one or more distinctive characteristics
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Lhasa
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an urban region in China, the capital of China's Tibet Autonomous Region
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China's Tibet Autonomous Region
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used to be the home of the Dalai Llama until he went into exile, this urban region is one of the highest in the world at 3600 m
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Potala Palace
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the former residence of the Dalai Llama
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Nyainqêntanglha Mountains
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where the Tibet Autonomous Region is in China, one of the highest urban regions in the world at 3600 m
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scale
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the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole
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space
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the physical gap or interval between two objects
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connection
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relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space
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